![]() 3, 7, 8 However, a dosage above 50 μg ml −1 of GO was found to be cytotoxic. 5, 6 Studies so far have shown that GO generally upregulates the proliferation and differentiation of cultured secondary and stem cells. 1 It is also non-toxic and is biocompatible at low concentrations. The presence of oxygen on the edges and basal planes of GO increases its hydrophilicity and enhances its water dispersibility in comparison with graphene. Graphene oxide (GO) which is a derivative of graphene is the oxidized form of graphene with hydroxyls, epoxides, diols, ketones, and carboxyls functional groups. It has a high surface area of upto 2630 m 2 g −1, Young's modulus of 1 TPa, fracture toughness of 130 GPa, thermal conductivity of 5 MWK −1, and relative conductivity of 720 k Sm −1. 1, 2 Graphene is the strongest material ever measured. Graphene, a single layer of sp 2-bonded carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice, is one of the most popular nanomaterials of the last decade due to its excellent physical, electrical, and thermal properties. The analysis of the literature reveals overall the great potential of GO/polymer nanocomposites in tissue engineering strategies and indicates also a series of challenges requiring further research efforts. The biological and mechanical performance of such nanocomposites are comprehensively scrutinized and ongoing research questions are addressed. In this review, the most actively investigated GO/polymer nanocomposites are presented and discussed, these nanocomposites are based on chitosan, cellulose, starch, alginate, gellan gum, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(acrylamide), poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactic acid) (PLLA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), gelatin, collagen, and silk fibroin (SF). Among the most extensively studied forms of graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and GO/polymer-based nanocomposites have attracted great attention in various forms such as films, 3D porous scaffolds, electrospun mats, hydrogels, and nacre-like structures. Since its discovery in 2004, derivatives of graphene have been developed and heavily investigated in the field of tissue engineering.
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